Greed Triggers Fraud And Corruption Essays

Eagerness Triggers Fraud And Corruption Essays Ravenousness Triggers Fraud And Corruption Essay Eagerness Triggers Fraud And Corruption Essay Deliberation Reason Greed triggers misrepresentation and corruptness which is probably the greatest activity we are going up against in our state as its expanding hugely rather than decreasing. The expectation of this review is to gauge the various kinds of misrepresentation and corruptness and in light of the fact that it is such a wide subject we will focus on a real existence situation which features how eagerness plays a massive capacity in the imaginative action of extortion and corruptness. Structure/Methodology/assault in profundity meet are directed with a senior measure assessor who has been working for a getting organization for as far back as six mature ages and has permitted me to be part of the test system that is being led. The ground behind the test is to occur out why they owe such an incredible total of cash for income upgrade yet cash had been deducted from their wages since they began working and grounds of being unsportsmanlike excused. : Findingss The business of the getting organization is by all accounts taking away cash from his representative s compensation yet non paying the income upgrade organization without the discernment of his workers using it for his ain private use. Additional data was discovered that every one of his laborers have nt been enrolled under the area of work and the organization has been running for a figure of mature ages now and unfair excusal was drilled in this organization. Inventiveness/Value The finishing up outcomes of this paper will help us comprehend and mind that there are a wide range of corruptness in the business. Ms Anonyms will manus over the entirety of her installments slips to the test officials to turn out that she has been working and paying for her income upgrade over the past mature ages while working and to other than open an occasion of uncalled for excusal and take it to the Commission for Conciliation Meditation and Arbitration ( CCMA ) . Balance OF REFERENCE PROPBLEM DESCRIPTION Extortion and corruptness play an enormous capacity in the structure business which this results in the blocking of advancement in our state and the state non voyaging frontward. Reason The Aim of the examination is to pass on the undertaking of misrepresentation and corruptness to going to of the peruser. To watch risks in the business and to gracefully clients with important enemy of corruptness assets. Point To occur out what triggers misrepresentation and corruptness How much is a single ready to lift out low to get what they need and non be gotten How corruptness influences the Construction business How it ruins improvement. Proposition Section one 1.1 Introduction Eagerness is a basic issue affecting the structure business and state overall as it prompts misrepresentation and corruptness which plays an enormous bit on the ruining of improvement in our state. Part 2 2.1 Greed The childishness of a man of wanting more and non being fulfilled of what they as of now have. 2.2 Fraud A condemnable offense done purposely in light of individual inspirations which the individual will determine that could affect someone else. Corruptness Part three 3.1 Case review Ms Anonymous winds up in the focal point of a fake and corruptness situation that she was non insightful off. 3.2 Tax intrusion CONTENT Page PGE NO. Acknwoledgements Reflection Footings of notice Part 1 Presentation Extortion and Corruption are wide and complex issues however their underlying foundations are inserted in a states cultural or social history, Political and monetary turn of events and it incorporates both these submitted by the specialists, managers, representatives, course staff, people or a gathering of individuals who have met up with one agenda just and these submitted is propelled by Greed. Covetousness tips and single into extortion and corruptness which other than triggers the intensity of the head, when an individual beginnings slowing down about the advantages and what one will determine they get down to get down plotting courses in doing these thoughts into world and one time these thoughts become world and the outcome is more prominent than anticipated they begin abusing the situation into their ain preferred position. The structure business part is perceived as shipping the most noteworthy peril of corruptness, the pace of corruptness and extortion in the business is expanding colossally rather than decreasing which is decelerating down the monetary framework and shockingly it has become a customary and typical wont that is being polished. It is about like a pool which everyone currently needs to jump in and swim in the profound terminal non bearing in head that non everyone can swim. Part 2 History Ravenousness Ravenousness is that most extreme want to accomplish or gangs more than what one has, for example, stuff riches which is regularly more than what one needs and merits. It other than includes using being well-to-do to infer control over others other than precluding others from securing riches and influence. It is on a very basic level being narrow minded, thought of one s sense of self while simultaneously influencing others negative way. For outline if a structure investigator would acknowledge a result from a contractual worker to O.K. what's more, territory that all work done is of acceptable quality and status while that is non valid than that is a demonstration of being eager since taking a gander at the situation the solitary individuals inferring here are the building investigator and the contractual worker while in the long it will adversely affect the network in general or the individuals who will be in use of the premises that is being fabricated. Extortion In the state we live in extortion is a condemnable demonstration that would disapproval a man or a gathering of individuals and it is other than a common statute crime. Misrepresentation is done purposely which includes deceptive nature for individual expansion or damage to different people. Misrepresentation can be ordered into numerous signifiers for representation burglary and peculation. In an example of extortion you would hold for representation an individual such an Alien ( non having a place in the business ) who knows nil about the structure and its entire foundation holding accreditations measure uping him in bringing endeavors up in a case that he does nt flush how establishment is finished. Corruptness Corruptness in any example is the demonstration of being exploitative and abusing power or the individual s place. Corruptness can go on wherever and is ordinarily dedicated by a man or a gathering of individuals, for example, functionaries or private people. Corruptness comes in numerous signifiers, for example, unite, nepotism, cheating, voting form tackle and coercion. A delineation of corruptness would be taking care of payoffs to procure multi million rand contracts for far fetched grounds, holding to consistently giving monstrous measures of cash to potentially ideological groups or buy costly blessings, for example, cars meriting 1000000s rands so as to gain something consequently. Corruptness and extortion come in with eagerness since they are activities come from the lack of moralss and subvert human foundation and human dealingss. Part 3 Contextual analysis Ms Anonymous and Contracting Company. Ms Anonymous has been working for a getting organization for as long as 3 mature ages as a senior measure assessor for this organization. She accomplished more than just her utilized spot where she other than worked in the common side of the work and whatever other work that required going to she would be lief to help as it were she was a greater amount of an or more to the organization and they had referenced that to all her bits great. The activity began when Ms Anonymous got a letter that she expected to travel kind out her income improvement returns. At the point when she went to visit at the income improvement organization ( SARS ) . S he was educated that she owes a bunch of cash and was inquired as to why she has nt been paying for her income improvement? She was stunned and revealed to them that she has been paying for her income improvement ever since she began working for her ongoing organization the previous three mature ages. They advised her to bespeak and RIP5 signifier from her manager furthermore to keep up the entirety of her pay artificial go as pertinent proof of installments for income upgrade when expected to investigate her history what's more that her organization was one of the organizations that were picked for reviews in 2012 so they would be a test concerning her undertaking of non paying income improvement and would take things from at that place. Examined accounts where accordingly on done of the organization and it uncovered that they owe an incredible exchange entirety of cash and that they have non been paying at all. They disclosed to Ms Anonymous to pass on all grounds as apt proof that cash has been deducted from her history for income improvement and they had guaranteed that no data sing with her history would he connected to the owners of the organization and had guaranteed her that she did nil off-base as they had brought in her to scrutinize her about her income upgrade figure. Examinations proceeded as the income upgrade research laborers continued coming into the workplace to make Company Audits and since they had no monetary and bank explanations and what amount is being charged from the laborers it pin pointed that they have been non paying, for example, VAT and PAYE. Thingss began to be little offish at work where they were all terrifying and searching for fingers to demonstrate as they were non mindful how and what had driven SARS to come and examine the organization with picking up that SARS had picked them themselves than gossip went out the Ms Anonymous had went to SARS. Hence on they made bogus compensation artificial pass expressing as he was paid more than she was being paid with the goal that it will demo as though she was the 1 who was non covering Tax however so Ms Anonymousness Payslips had demonstrated the entirety of that off base. A month therefore Ms Anonymous was called into the Bosses office and was informed that because of monetary limitations they will hold permit her movement since they will non have the option to bear the cost of and they will be allowing her multi month

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was conceived in Atlanta, Georgia, the child of pastor. He moved on from Morehouse College, in Atlanta, in 1948, and got a Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University in 1955. In the wake of being appointed a Baptist serve in 1947, Martin was named right hand minister of his father’s church, Ebenezer Baptist Church in Montgomery. In 1960 he became co-minister of his father’s church, a post he held until his demise. He was killed on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had gone to help striking sanitation laborers. James Earl Ray was sentenced for his murder.[1] The purposes of this paper are to: (1) discover why Martin Luther lord was unmistakable from other dark pioneers; (2) know about his particular works and his writing; (3) know about the intrigue of his demise. II. Foundation A. Why Martin Luther King Jr. was particular from other dark pioneers? We have discovered that King was well known because of its respectable works that he had done to each race. He was the main chief that got various honors even when his demise. Beside the honor he won in the Nobel Prize, he got another honor from a notoriety gathering of Jewish American in 1965. One year after, the Margaret Sanger Award was introduced to King, Jr. by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America for his vivacious and dauntless protection from prejudice and his suffering dedication and duty for his standard of having an a correspondence among races. Dislike with other dark American pioneers, King, Jr. additionally got the President Medal of Freedom in 1977 after his death.[2] And in the twentieth century, Martin Luther King, Jr. is viewed as the second most refreshing individual. In addition, beside the honors he got, he assisted Southern Christian Leadership Conference with being found and in the end, he was hailed as leader of the association. The points and grounds of this association depended on Christianity and its operational techniques were from Gandhi. During his administration, he had the option to go more than 6,000,000 miles and represented around twenty-500 times.[3] Throughout his authority, he headed a tremendous show and rally in Birmingham, Alabama that paid heed world generally which gave of what he called a â€Å"coalition of conscience† III. Conversation A. Lord as a pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr. was a United States minister and social liberties pioneer. Ruler turned into the nation’s most unmistakable representative for equivalent equity for dark Americans. He was an appealling pioneer and a smooth speaker, who lectured peaceful protection from unfair laws and practices, a strategy he embraced from Indian pioneer Mohandas K. Gandhi. His social equality endeavors assisted with achieving section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He was granted the Nobel Peace prize in 1964.[4] In 1983, the U.S. Congress casted a ballot to make his birthday, January 15, a national occasion (celebrated on the third Monday of the month). Furthermore, his books and writing that were composed include: Stride toward Freedom (1958); Measure of a Man (1059); Strength to adore (1963); Why We Can’t Wait (1964); and The Trumpets of Conscience (1968).[5] Ruler started his contribution in the cutting edge social equality development in 1955 with authority of the Montgomery (Alabama) transport blacklist, which finished isolated seating on that city’s open transports. He at that point encouraged dark Americans to follow the Montgomery model and win their privileges through peaceful dissent. As leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which he served to establish in 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr. driven exhibits, walks, demonstrations, and blacklists in numerous urban areas in both the South and the North, frequently meeting threatening vibe and in some cases violence.[6] He was imprisoned a few times in the South for his exercises. In 1967, he likewise turned into a pioneer of the harmony development, looking for a conclusion to the Vietnamese War. B. Its Allegations A few presumed that there was a trick during the passing of Martin Luther King, Jr. Moreover, the said onlookers who encompassed King, Jr. during his death expressed that the shot originated from various areas and it originated from thick growth about near the â€Å"rooming house† and didn't actually come there. James Earl Ray was suspected as the professional killer and was placed into preliminary. Then again, Dexter King-child of Martin Luther King-had the option to meet Ray and indicated support freely on Ray's endeavors to have a preliminary during 1997.[7] Two years after the fact, Martin Luther King's better half, Coreatta Scott King, and alongside the individual from her family gotten an incorrect preliminary against Loyd Jowers and to the unidentified accessories. Three years after (2000), the Department of Justice had its examination on Jower's cases yet it neglected to search for proof so as to help the allegations.[8] IV. End The life of Martin Luther King, Jr. was genuinely a gift for each dark American who experienced fairness and inclinations from the â€Å"superior race.† This man leaves an entirely striking notoriety and respects that none of the dark Americans can contrast and his outstanding record as a man who got changed America's general public. Martin Luther King, Jr. has genuinely added to the historical backdrop of United States of America. His upstanding deeds won't be overlooked for each individual particularly for the individuals who experienced bigotry. He was a sort of a pioneer that had the option to lead a mass squirm for racial fairness that bound division and carried changed to the United States of America. His death was not the finish of the â€Å"black individuals society† to continue battling for their privileges yet it was just the starting that persuaded their hearts to keep battling for its standards and rights. References: Haskins, James (2004). The Life and Death of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Lothrop, Lee and Shephard, 2000). Lincoln, C.E. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Profile (Hill and Wang, 1996). Oates, S.B. (1999). Allow the Trumpet To sound: the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.  â â (Harper and Row, 1992). Richardson, Nigel (2003). Martin Luther King (David and Charles, 1997). Martin Luther King: The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.† Nobelprize.org, copyright Nobel Web AB 2006. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/harmony/laureates/1964/lord bio.html [1] Richardson, Nigel (2003). Martin Luther King (David and Charles, 1997). [2] Martin Luther King: The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.† Nobelprize.org, copyright Nobel Web AB 2006. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/harmony/laureates/1964/ruler bio.html [3] Oates, S.B. (1999). Allow the Trumpet To sound: the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.  â â â (Harper and  â â â â â â â â â â Row, 1992). [4] Lincoln, C.E. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Profile (Hill and Wang, 1996). [5] Oates, S.B. (1999). Allow the Trumpet To sound: the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.  â â â â (Harper and  â â â â â â â â â â Row, 1992). [6] Ibid†¦ [7] Haskins, James (2004). The Life and Death of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Lothrop, Lee and  â â Shephard, 2000). [8] Oates, S.B. (1999). Allow the Trumpet To sound: the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.  â â â â (Harper and  â â â â â â â â â â Row, 1992). Â

No more physics

No more physics So this is what an Add/Drop form looks like: Now, I know what youre thinking. Youre thinking, But Laura, even though you havent written in this blog in forever, I know you only took that picture on your second day of classes at MIT! What happened? And why are you dropping physics, its such a cool class! I was enrolled in 8.02, and I was very excited about it. Its physics! Whats not to be excited about? Whats not exciting is getting an email from the head of the physics department about how 18.01 is a prereq and 18.02 is a co-requsitie for 8.02. Since I tested out of physics but not calc, I wasnt eligible to take the class in the first place. (Oops. My advisor and I both messed up on that one.) The professor said he was willing to make an exception but that the department usually frowns upon it since people who skip the calc prereqs usually fail. So I switched to 7.012 (which isnt as fun, because its not physics). Just a heads up to the 4 other people in the world who test out of calc-based physics but not single-variable calc. So a funny thing happened while I was on my way to my advisors office to get his signature on my Add/Drop Form. I walked into the Lego Lab and immediately someone exclaimed, Hey! You write a blog, dont you? I was quite surprised to hear this from an older-looking student, since its mostly freshmen who are into the whole MITblogs thing. So I admitted that I was in fact the Laura who blogs. It turns out that my advisor thought it was so cool that I wrote an entire entry about his lab (I mentioned this at the seminar meeting when we were all discussing how cool we thought the room was) that he emailed the link to all of the grad students who work there. So, heres a shout out to the Lego Lab for being cool enough to work with Legos AND read my blog. Good work. Speaking of shout outs, I think another one goes out to my family. I gave my mom the link to my blog so she could see some photographic evidence that I am actually doing cool things here at MIT, and she forwarded the link to my grandparents. My grandparents forwarded the link to my Aunt Marion, who commented on my blog with a sufficiently embarassing comment (this is soooooo cute!) and proceeded to forward the link to the family Yahoo group, which currently has 36 members. So basically every relative Ive ever not recognized at a Christmas party now reads this blog. So, hello family! Just a couple more interesting notes So before my first class ever at MIT, I decided to enjoy some nice quiet time outside. I was starving, so I decided to eat my breakfast just outside my first classroom, which was in Building 2. The space out there is called Lowell Court, and its a small lawn that branches off of the famous Killian Court. While I was sitting there I happened to remember that there is often a lot of disuccion about the appearance of the MIT campus. Some people think its hideous, some people think its beautiful, and some people find it interestingly ecclectic. All I know is that it was pretty nice sitting on the steps near Lowell Court eating my last breakfast before college. It was so nice that I took a picture, so you could all decide for yourselves about the MIT campus: Coming Soon (I promise): Pictures of my room. Fun Fact: I found out just the other day that I have the same exact birthday as our illustrious Conner 2 floor chair, Sam! How cool is that?

Sensing And Manipulation Through Touch - 2835 Words

Abstract: Haptics refers to sensing and manipulation through touch. Haptic Interface helps in exploring part of the environment and achieving tactile identification of objects, positions and orientations. Haptic device gives people a sense of touch with computer generated environments, so that when real/virtual objects are touched, they seem real and tangible. Now days we focused on the involvement of haptics in solving challenging problems in the streams of mechanical design, actuators and real time system. This paper presents a description of study on haptic virtual environments, haptic interfaces, haptic working procedure and different applications like touch-based surgical simulation which is not only made to improve realism of virtual environments, but also to provide important information through the sense of touch. Keywords: I. INTRODUCTION The word Haptic is derived from the Greek word â€Å"haptesthai†. Haptic technology or haptics is tactile feedback that takes advantage of user’s sense of touch by applying forces, vibration and motion to the user [1]. The definition of haptics includes all aspects of information acquisition and object manipulation through touch by humans, machines, or a combination of the both and the environments can be real, virtual or tele-operated. Now a days the term haptic interface has been used by researchers to describe devices that measure the motion and stimulate the sensory capabilities of our hands. There is a long history in theShow MoreRelatedThe Intellectual Property Case Study2657 Words   |  11 Pagesproducts. It also serves to exclusively identify a product or service with a specific company, and is a recognition of that company s ownership of the brand. Trademarked products are generally considered a form of property. Most countries have agencies through which bus inesses can have their products trademarked. 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The goal of this project is to keep an object on a table and make Baxter ® robot actuate to grasp it and use the other hand in conjugation with the hand that is holding the object. The supporting hand is also the puppet

Analysis Of The Book The Wanderer - 947 Words

Fear disguises itself in many forms. It can affect many. It can affect few. It derives from other people, one s self, books, movies, experiences, stories, pain, grief, and many other places. Everyone experiences fear during their lifetime, but no one’s experience is the same. As stated before, fear takes on many forms and during Anglo-Saxon times, fear came mainly in the form of exile. Exile was a threat to Anglo-Saxons based off their poems, or songs, they wrote and sang. The themes of these poems were created, in some manner, to â€Å"scare† people to follow rules, therefore most were about exile. Just like fear, exile takes on many forms and can derive from many places. â€Å"The Wanderer,† is a Anglo-Saxon poem with a theme of exile. Exile in this poem comes to a man who has lost his lord and kinsmen in war. He was not exiled by punishment, but rather by a series of tragic events. The man is especially lonely with nobody to keep him company, no food, no shelter, and no protection. Not only is the lack of resources a struggle for the man, but he feels especially isolated with no one to tell his problems and sorrows to. The feeling of sadness becomes more and more unbearable as he continues to search far and wide for a new lord. He needs to find a new lord for his own protection. During Anglo- Saxon times, a man surviving on his own, without the protection of his lord, was very slim. His feeling of unhappiness, caused by the series of tragic events, results inShow MoreRelatedGeorge Simmel s The Stranger 992 Words   |  4 Pagesexplains who the actual stranger is away from standard definition. Spatial relations within society cons ist of three types: the wanderer, the outsider and the stranger. The wanderer is one who enters society one day and leaves the next and the outsider has no direct relation to the society in which they enter. 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Terroism Yesterday, Future Chronology Free Essays

Terrorism Introduction to Terrorism Susanne Prestininzi April 19, 2013 4:21 pm One cannot avoid long-standing debates, going back as far as Aristotle, over when it is politically and morally acceptable to use unconventional tactics such as violence and fear to bring about political and social change. History is replete with the ideas of great thinkers who believed that, under the right circumstances, unconventional tactics were not only smart, but a moral or civic duty. Religious leaders over the centuries have contributed thoughts about when unjust warfare is just, when â€Å"holy terror† is justified, and military thinkers have advocated less-than-honorable tactics. We will write a custom essay sample on Terroism Yesterday, Future Chronology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most terrorism throughout history has been directed against governments also called political or revolutionary terrorism, but terrorism can also be global or take the forms of state terrorism or state-sponsored terrorism. These latter types occur when governments turn on their own citizens, or try to stir up trouble among the citizenry of another nation. In fact, it was state terrorism that put modern use of the term â€Å"terrorism† in our English vocabulary. Title 22 of the U. S. Code, Section 2656f(d) defines terrorism as â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. † (National Institute of Justice) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as â€Å"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (fbi. gov) Both definitions of terrorism share a common theme: the use of force intended to influence or instigate a course of action that furthers a political or social goal. In most cases, NIJ researchers adopt the FBI definition, which stresses methods over motivations and is generally accepted by law enforcement comm unities. The first story isn’t terrorism. According to the definition, is this terrorism? No, this action is not terrorism. The group who committed the action had an objective, which was to push the US out of Iraq. This is the nly trademark consistent with a terrorist activity. The target was solely a military target carrying U. S. soldiers and the terrorists employed a conventional weapon. Civilians were not targeted during this operation. Therefore, this action was a guerilla military action employed against an opposition force in a realm of conflict. These individuals were freedom fighters seeking to control their country. If I am wrong in my understanding it may be considered domestic terrorism. The second story again isn’t terrorism. This was a U. S. issile strike killed 25 people in Pakistan’s North Waziristan region that signaled that Washington’s use of drones against militants along the Afghan border will continue despite intensifying opposition from Pakistani leaders. The third one definitely is an act of terrorism by a suicide bomber terrorist. A suicide bomber steered a truck loaded with the equivalent of six tons of TNT down the airport road in Beirut, Lebanon. He plowed into the four-story barracks where more than 300 U. S. troops from a U. N. peacekeeping mission slept and detonated what the FBI called the largest non-nuclear bomb in history. This is an example of â€Å"Tactical Terror† in order for the Free Islamic Revolutionary Movement in order to bring international attention to their cause. The last story of Columbine was an act of domestic terrorism. It was an act of terrorism. However, most people wouldn’t think of it as a terrorist act. Terrorism mostly has to do with political ideology; however, it’s not restricted to that. In a perverted way, the perpetrators of Columbine were making a statement, and that is terrorism. There are several different typologies of terrorism Terrorism classified by place 1. Domestic — by residents of a country within that country 2. .International — by representatives of a country against another country 3. Non-state — extremism and revolution for its own sake 4. State-sponsored — by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism against another government 5. Internecine — conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil Terrorism Classified by Personality Trait 1. Crazies — strong survival attitude, but not based in reality; self-centered; goals clear only to perpetrator; irrational and unpredictable; strikes at random 2. Crusaders — sacrificial, death attitude; blends politics and religion; seldom willing to negotiate; task-oriented and indifferent to risk; seeks publicity and largest group possible. 3. Criminals — strong self-preservation attitude; selfish; seeks gain and is task-oriented; avoids high risk; predictably targets small groups (Hacker 1976) Terrorism Classified by Purpose 1. Political — for ideological and political purposes 2. Nonpolitical — for private purposes or gain 3. Quasi-terrorism — skyjacking and hostage taking 4. Limited political — ideological but not revolutionary 5. Official or state — used by nation against nation or people Terrorism Classified by Target 1. Mass terror — targets general population 2. Dynastic terror — selective targeting of individuals or groups 3. Random terror — targets anybody in wrong place at wrong time 4. Focused random terror — targets specific public places frequented by opposition 5. Tactical terror — attacks government or politically attractive targets (Combs 2003) Terrorism Classified by Issue 1. Revolutionary — aims to replace the existing government by drawing out repressive responses which can be exposed as inhumane (Red Army Faction, PLO, Hizballah) 2. Political — heavily armed groups tending to be focused around supremacy, government intrusion, or religious revisionism (Aryan Nation, Posse Comitatus, Freemen) 3. Nationalist — promotes the interests of a minority or religious group that has been persecuted under majority rule (Sikh radicals, Muslim fundamentalism) 4. Cause-Based — groups devoted to a social or religious cause using violence to address their grievances (Islamic Holy War, Abortion clinic bombings) 5. Environmental — groups dedicated to slowing down development they believe is harming animals (Animal Liberation Front, Earth 1st) 6. State-sponsored — when a repressive regime forces its citizens into total obedience (Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Iraq, Sudan, Haiti) 7. Nuclear — outlaw states possessing nuclear threats (Libya, North Korea) 8. Genocide– when a government seeks to wipe out a minority group in its territory (Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Iraq, Turkey) Reference Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Cynthia C. COmbs www. nij. com www. cia. gov Retrieved: April 19, 2013 3:12 pm You +1’d this publicly. Undo How to cite Terroism Yesterday, Future Chronology, Papers

Art Research Essay Example For Students

Art Research Essay I cant believe it! I was just assigned the worst possible research paper topic ever by my history and language arts teacher! We have to be an art detective and discover the meaning of a piece of art. I had absolutely no interest in art so I knew writing this report would be nearly impossible. I began my search for a piece of art that was of some interest to me but I found absolutely nothing. Nothing was appealing or cool at all. I was beginning to see failure in my future. I still havent found what piece of art Im doing. I have searches through books, websites, and articles and still I had nothing. It was over. I was going to be stuck doing a piece of art I hated. But just as I thought that something miraculous happened. My eyes stumbled upon apiece of art that finally grabbed my attention. It was a sculpture. It was the Sphinx of Giza. This monument caught my eye so fast I knew this was the piece I should do. It worked out perfectly. No one had chosen the Sphinx so things were already looking better. I am excited to have found something that has some interest to me. I began my research immediately so I could get this thing over with. My first set of plans was to take a plane to the land of the Sphinx and meet the beast faced to face. I board my plane and in a little less than a day I am in the presence of one of the worlds greatest monuments. After walking for a few miles I am here at the Sphinx. I examine the enormous sculpture. It appeared to be made out of limestone (Schiff 108). The pieces of stone are incredibly large. Building this piece must have been a task for many men. The stone was probably moved around by either dragging the pieces of limestone or putting something underneath the limestone so it could roll and be pushed with much ease. I get closer to the Sphinx to get a better look and I notice something between its paws. It was a stone tablet with hieroglyphics on it. I study the hieroglyphics for a good chunk of time and understood almost all of it. From what I could understand, the Sphinx was built by the Egyptians and commissioned by King Khafre in about 2500 BCE (Baines 52). Its soul purpose is to watch over the pyramids of Egypt and all the kings that had died (Baines 52). I step back to take another look at it. The combining of the pharaohs head and the body of a lion was fascinating (Brockman). The body of a lion symbolizes speed, strength, and quick thinking; while the kings head shows power, intelligence, and wealth. When these traits are combined, an incredible being is formed. This explains why the Egyptians decided on a kings head and a lions body to guard over the pyramids. This shows that the Egyptians felt very strong about the after life, so they selected an incredible being to keep watch over them. The statue must have been a very powerful figure in the times of the pharaoh. The monument is a whopping 240 feet long and 66 feet high (Krysteck). The monument made the pharaoh seem even more powerful, a person you would never want to mess with. The Sphinx conveys a very powerful message. It makes me feel belittled due to its size and meaning. It amazing how much a non-living being could affect so many lives in so many different ways without doing anything. It also made me feel I was subject to the pharaoh and I had to perform his every will, or I would face the wrath of the sphinx. .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .postImageUrl , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:hover , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:visited , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:active { border:0!important; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:active , .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73cc29076296e9b471ed0e5fd38d553f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Menschenschreck If The International Financiers In And Outside Europe EssayIt is a very creepy feeling when I was around it. It makes a person feel like a slave and incredibly helpless while in the sphinxs presence. I looked at the sphinx one last time and walked away. I was disappointed to be leaving Egypt already. It was an experience I will ever forget. Ever since I got home, I just could not keep my mind off this incredible art piece. What I was most curious about was what influenced Khafre to have this done. The most probable possibly is that he wanted to protect himself and other pharaohs in the afterlife. Another possibility is he could have been trying to pay tribute to the gods and his ancestors. Or it could be simply that he wanted to show off, so he had this built. Another thing that kept me on my toes was the fact that the nose was almost completely gone. One theory is that during French occupation, the French found the nose and the used it as target practice (Wickersham). Im sure the Sphinx had plenty of fun with them in the afterlife. The last thing on my mind was the beard only being about fifteen percent of what it originally was. One reason is that it took damage during French occupation, and another reason is that the weather may have damaged it (Brockman). It is odd that the weather damaged the sculpture but preserved it at the same time (Beardless 36). It was finally time to turn in my art project. What started out as a very lame assignment ended up being pretty fun and interesting. When my teacher graded my project he was dumb founded. I did such a good job he gave me an A! It was the best grade I received from him all year on a major assignment. Not much could have gone better.

Homosexuality, Religion and Atheism

Introduction Homosexuality draws mixed reaction from across the globe. Issues like cultural values, religious context, atheism, political stability, and economic empowerment of the people in a particular setting would play a pivotal role in accepting this sexual orientation. These factors determine homosexual acceptability in the society, although other forces would have a significant role in the determination of its acceptance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality, Religion and Atheism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This topic is common in most popular cultural setting although there is little literature work on the same to dissect adverse opinion and ways of embracing diverse opinion on the same. In this context, the conservatives draw their arguments from religious teachings whereas the atheists or the liberals embrace the need to have a society of diverse cultural orientation. The debate experience s opposing views from philosophers, most of whom are Christian and Muslims. These conclusions come from their spiritual perspective and thus do not clearly stipulate the desire to accommodate diverse religious inclinations on the same ground. Literature review A decade ago religion was the most important predictor in defining the attitude of homosexuality in the society, Adamczyk and Pitt (2009) bring an elaborate diverse opinion on the debate. They believe that acceptance of homosexuality depends on the existing laws that regulate the same sex marriages, possible penalties when viewed as social misfit, and diversity in national or cultural orientation. This last aspect shows the importance of religion in explaining the attitude on the debate. In fact, macro and micro support survival and personal beliefs that carry weight in defining the attitudes of homosexuality (Olson et al., 2006; Yip, 2005). It is from this context that one draws the importance of opinion as the best alternati ve in formulating law, shaping the direction of cultural inclination and thus religion. Homosexuality, in respect to religion, is unnatural in the eyes of the Supreme Being; the same philosophy holds this as an impure act. The fear of divine punishment shapes the cultural orientation concerning the direction of a community. Deep rooted-ness to religion would draw disapproval attitudes as opposed to those not deeply rooted in a religion. Muslims are the worse in making such opinions concerning the debate; they have a strong disapproval attitude, unlike members from other religions. This holds true to the cultural orientation in which atheists from this background would disapprove strongly homosexuality than atheists from other cultural background (Adamczyk Pitt, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some perception on gays and lesbians evoke different judgments, the survey by No rris (2008), came up with assertion that conservatives were the most judgmental on the perception that sought to allow these people freely mingle with others in the church. This supports several opinions, from this work, some people do not find any reason for branding an individual in that state of action. For instance, when one asserts that there are lesbians, rapists, and gays in the church and that they are decent people, though, living in sin, conservatives do not acknowledge the act of niceness as being polite yet rude to social context. Acknowledgement of homosexuality as impure and dirty is the most vocal opposition from such community. Moral judgment from the liberal and the conservatives are under the influence of different forces in the societal context. This is largely because of their different daily life orientation. While liberals’ demands for openness, inclusivity, and diversity that do not seek to harm any person in the society, counterparts view this as uncou th and punishable by law. The findings from this work elicit different views of liberals and the conservatives on this topic. The conservatives do not imagine how such acts could go free in the society by drawing their argument from their spiritual orientation in Supreme Being. They also believe that it represents cultural decay in the society in which punishments must take place to restore sanity, although they also offer room for repent in case of reform. These opinions are the fundamental framework of enacting laws. Depending on the majority, their way shall take centre stage and dictate the acceptable. This will automatically lock out different views from various groups with diverse sexual orientation in the community (Norris, 2008). According to Edgell et al. (2006), atheists face strong resistance from across corners of the world. The debate in this work is whether the act of the same sex marriage and other related sexual orientation is acceptable in the society or not. Findin gs from this work show that their acceptance in the community becomes questionable in different perspectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality, Religion and Atheism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore, true to assert that these finding support multiple views on the debate. The gap that exists between the believers and the nonbelievers defines the extent of this acceptance. If there is deep concern of community, some perception on their sexual inclination would define the root of acceptance. In this context atheist, unlike other religious orientations do not easily gain acceptance, either in public, or private domain. This distrust gets its drive from religion prediction factors, social location, and extensive values of orientation. From this context, it is clear that although there is extensive acceptance of various religious contexts, the same does not happen with nonreligious grouping . This study, however; goes an extra mile in helping to describe that increasing acceptance of various cultural inclinations and sexual orientation does extend to the levels of known religion. The study’s findings on the role of religion and believes provide sound moral guidance for any membership in cultural acceptance. Clinging onto the religion allows and gives on a better position of acceptance in the societal domain as opposed to lack of religion (Edgell et al., 2006). The attitude plays a significant role in young men and their religious perception in homosexuality. Besen and Zicklin (2007), explore the variations of attitudes on people clinging to same sexual marriages from the complexity of religious definitions, mainly in the young people and how these could support or put to jeopardy on the rights of gays. This research supports multiple views on the perception of gays in the societal context. Its findings show that young men do not have particular attitudes about t he homosexuals, but their counterparts in religions do, these varied perception emanates from religious inclination. However, one notable difference in the youth is the varied attitudes on gender, whereas young male showed significant concern and attitude toward the homosexuality, their female counterparts show little concern.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The latter seems to support a diverse cultural perspective. Although the data obtained in this research had multiple study sites, for instance whereas in the military more young men showed their support for and positive attitudes toward these sexual orientation multiple views emerge from without this context. The role of religion is playing a significant role in shaping the youth in taking a certain sexual step, more so it defines the virtues and values for accepting and developing a positive attitude of a given sexual orientation. It is from this perspective that the youth find it hard to go against the norms and virtues of religion in doing contrary to their teaching of sexual orientation. The unsupportive trends by religious group are the basis upon which the youth find solutions and directions of denouncing the homosexuals. This is true because many of them cling to religions that have positive attitudes on the act (Besen Zicklin, 2007). In his work on understanding the differe nt views of homosexuality debate, Sprigg (2011), notes that many people do not consider two important views in an effort of understanding same sexual marriage. The first paradigm shift is the identification of gay identity. This shift is under several believes it states well that when one is born a gay, it makes it hard to change the state; it also states that gays have fewer options of becoming heterosexual. This paradigm also defines sexual orientation as innate feature by likening it to races, it goes ahead to assert that the act is not different from being straight. Finally, the shift stands firm that there is no harm in one adopting gay. The second view defines the practical aspect of sexual orientation. Unlike what many people perceive, this work shows the importance of going out of the cocoons that enslave many conservatives who believes that sexual orientation is purely a unitary phenomenon. The study shows that sexual structure is a three thing affair; this comes from attra ction, conduct, and self identity (Sprigg, 2011). One may get attraction to people of the same sexual orientation, opposite sex, or both. The second part gives liberty of choosing the type of conduct one gets attracted, while the last segment seeks to draw the attention of one’s thought as straight, gay, bisexual, and lesbian. Findings from this studies show that although some people may feel attraction from the same sex, they would otherwise choose the opposite (heterosexual) because if fear of publicity and possible implications. This denies them the option of choosing their desired sexual partners. Study on the debate reveals issues of concern depending on development, industrialisation, and economic powers (Chike, 2007). While in countries like Canada, Belgium, and Netherlands the homosexuals easily go about their culture, in developing nations the act of homosexuality is unthinkable. African Christian leaders are the most conservatives in condemning this act; they strict ly follow biblical teachings that condemn the act of same sexual orientation. From this perspective, it is true that economic empowerment has a major role in shaping the way people think and make decisions. This does not give them room to look at the Bible as historic book that offers alternative teachings that require evaluations and considerations in a contextualization perspective, but rather as a book that offers nourishment that needs integration into their traditional way of life to define their every step. It is very difficult to integrate diverse views and attitudes of accepting homosexuality in the community. This stiffens the possibility of smooth swaying of wave and tides for those having attractions for same sexes. Similarly, philosophers in Europe and North America share the same sentiments with African religious leaders. These are mainly those with imprints of Christianity in the African continent. Contrary to this, industrialized countries assess these issues in diffe rent perception; a god number of religious leaders would allow liberal view. Western churches would be comfortable to accommodate lesbians, rapists, and gays in their churches as opposed to what happens in African states. In this study, the author draws attention of some of the underrated predictors that define religious orientations toward homosexuality. Economic empowerment seems to play a significant role in shaping the way forward in accepting this issue (Chike, 2007). Some researchers believe that the same way religions do not offer accomplishments like honorary degrees, issuance of passports, and academic accomplishments, they should not bother about branding some act as illegal and thus should leave the floor open for individual choices. Homosexuality is in fact, among the many issues that religions oppose. Many religions assert that when one sees atheism in the society he or she sees homosexuality in the same magnitude. However, some religions like Christianity in some devel oped nations have rooms for these people. This came to live after several years of protest and stone throwing to make the field free for navigation. As many would have expected that the church took an active role in ordaining active homosexuals, the move is still in darkness owing to conservative views on the same. Largely it faces resistance from lack of policies from the state to provide provisions that enable people of same sexual orientations to enter into a contractual arrangement. This last aspect include issues like nationhood or citizenship, status of immigration, inheritance of insurance policy, and policies that govern visitations to the hospital (Chike, 2007; Sprigg, 2011). Many states are facing resistance from policy makers in these sectors because people of the same sex marriages would be in a better position of enjoying significant returns from these policies if there is a legal protection of their sexual inclination. This faces resistance from the religious leaders w ho on the same issues assert that protection of moral uprightness in the society is the most important aspect that needs protection than individual aspirations intending to bring down the strong mechanisms of social values and norms. Just as religion is dynamic, homosexuality perception goes along this inclination in different views. The main determinant of religion among others is the age. As people grow older, they tend to cling closer to a religion, this must take into account their dynamic perspectives. This is the basis upon which many people keep changing from churches to churches. This is mainly to find places where their faith in accepting other norms does not welcome rude rebuke. Conflicts in the narrowed thinking aspersions cause most people to move in various religions. Most people will, therefore, identify themselves with religions not against a certain sexual orientation. Embracing complex religious identity is the main predictor that embraces the wellbeing in most athe ists. This is contrary to their intent of aligning themselves to a religion; the aftermath of these wrangles is keeping away from such doctrines that tend to deny their rights. Even though all people under the universe will try as much as, they could identify themselves with spirituality in which many would derive resources, sexual orientation would shift this perception into a totally different point of view (Chike, 2007; Sprigg, 2011). Conclusions Some of these findings are consistent with the public opinions mainly because some studies draw their argument from the religious perspective. The evidence emerging stipulates the importance of this research in drawing the attention of progress in the debate. This implies that more is yet to draw the importance of liberating the society in allowing its people to take their different stand in cultural values. The implications of these researches are that people with distinct sexes, different sexual orientations, and gender identities woul d not have a place in the society not until change covers the earth’s face. This protects policy makers in the insurance, medical fraternity who believe that same sexual marriages would make certain individuals to benefit from the facilities and policies while disadvantaging their counterparts in straight marriages. The research needs to find amicable issues of redress in carrying out their research and offers sound solutions to policy makers to champion methods to drafting policies in which everyone would find refuge. References Adamczyk, A., Pitt, C. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38, 338–351. Besen, Y., Zicklin, G. (2007). Young Men, Religion, and Attitudes towards Homosexuality. Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality, 1(3), 250†266. Chike, C. (2007). Beyond the homosexuality debate. Retrieved from https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as â€Å"Other†: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 211–234. Norris, R.A. (2008). Some Notes on the Current Debate Regarding Homosexuality and the Place of Homosexuals in the Church. Anglican Theological Review, 90(3), 437-512. Olson, R.R., Cadge, W., Harrison, J.T. (2006). Religion and public opinion about same-sex marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 340–360. Sprigg , P. (2011). Debating Homosexuality Understanding Two Views. Retrieved from https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF11J33.pdf Yip, A. (2005). Queering Religious Texts: An Exploration of British Non-heterosexual Christians’ and Muslims’ Strategy of Constructing Sexuality affirming Hermeneutics. Sociology BSA Publications Ltd, 39(1), 47–65. This essay on Homosexuality, Religion and Atheism was written and submitted by user Cruz U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Grow Salt Crystals

How to Grow Salt Crystals Table salt, also known as sodium chloride, is a crystal (a symmetrical solid substance made entirely of the same material).  You can see the shape of a salt crystal under a microscope, and you can grow your own salt crystals for fun or for a science fair. Growing salt crystals is fun and easy; the ingredients are right in your kitchen, the crystals are non-toxic, and no special equipment is required.   How to Grow Salt Crystals It takes very little work to start the process of growing salt crystals, though you will need to wait a few hours or days to see the results, depending on the method you use. No matter which method you try, youll need to use a hot stove and boiling water, so adult supervision is advised.   Salt Crystal Materials table salt (sodium chloride)waterclean clear containera piece of cardboard (optional)string and pencil or butter knife (optional) Procedures Stir salt into boiling hot water until no more salt will dissolve (crystals start to appear at the bottom of the container). Be sure the water is as close to boiling as possible. Hot tap water is not sufficient for making the solution. Quick Crystals:  If you want crystals quickly, you can soak a piece of cardboard in this supersaturated salt solution. Once it is soggy, place it on a plate or pan and set it in a warm and sunny location to dry out. Numerous small salt crystals will form. Perfect Crystals:  If you are trying to form a larger, perfect cubic crystal, you will want to make a seed crystal.  To grow a big crystal from a seed crystal, carefully pour the supersaturated salt solution into a clean container (so no undissolved salt gets in), allow the solution to cool, then hang the seed crystal in the solution from a pencil or knife placed across the top of the container. You could cover the container with a coffee filter if you like. Set the container in a location where it can remain undisturbed. You are more likely to get a perfect crystal instead of a mass of crystals if you allow the crystal to grow slowly (cooler temperature, shaded location) in a place free of vibrations. Tips for Success Experiment with different types of table salt. Try iodized salt, un-iodized salt, sea salt, or even salt substitutes. Try using different types of water, such as tap water compared with distilled water. See if there is any difference in the appearance of the crystals.If you are trying for the perfect crystal use un-iodized salt and distilled water. Impurities in either the salt or water can aid dislocation, where new crystals dont stack perfectly on top of previous crystals.The solubility of table salt (or any kind of salt) increases greatly with temperature. Youll get the quickest results if you start with a saturated saline solution, which means you want to dissolve salt in the hottest water available. One trick to increase the amount of salt you can dissolve is to microwave the salt solution. Stir in more salt until it stops dissolving and starts to accumulate at the bottom of the container. Use the clear liquid to grow your crystals. You can filter out the solids using a coffee f ilter or paper towel.

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT - Essay Example 19). Subject to its wide market network, high quality of its products, and the diversity of its products, Starbucks enjoys a magnificent customer base in the coffee other blend- drinks industry. In the report, the paper identifies the stakeholders groups of the company, its key competitors, and an analysis of its current strategy. The paper will also derive some recommendations on the company’s current strategy. Findings Starbucks Stakeholder Groups Starbucks stakeholders groups refer to persons, groups, or organization that has interest or concern in the company. The company’s stakeholders fall into three categories, which include primary stakeholders, secondary stakeholders, and public stakeholders (Bruhn-Hansen, 2012, p. 19). They specifically entail the shareholders who invented in the company’s shares, customers who purchase the company’s products and employees who work for the company across the world. The stakeholders also include the suppliers who provide raw materials to the company and farmers who produce coffee and benefit from the comprehensive programs that the company initiates to help farmers. Recently, families residing within the Silver Spring, Maryland community with children aged five and under became stakeholders. Governments and government agencies in countries where the Starbucks Company operates are also stakeholders in the company (Bruhn-Hansen, 2012, p. 19). Moreover, non-governmental organizations, which partner with Starbucks Company like Conservation International and Ecologic Enterprise Ventures are also stakeholders of the company. Additionally, all the communities that benefit from the company’s corporate social responsibility are stakeholders of Starbucks Company. Ultimately, franchisees that purchase the right to use the company’s trademarks, related brands, and proprietary knowledge for purposes of opening branches across the world also form part of Starbucks stakeholders. Starbucks Key Competitors Starbucks has close competitors in specialty coffee shops, doughnut shops, and quick service restaurants. Indeed, the completion comes from different sectors across the world thus demeaning the company’s market share. Caribou Coffee, which is specialty coffeehouse with 415 stores in the US, is one of the closest competitors of Starbucks Company. Second Cup which is a Canadian franchiser dealing in coffee is also a significant competitor alongside Java Centrale. Another major competitor is the privately owned Dunkin Donuts, which has about 5,000 stores in the U.S dealing with both doughnuts and coffee. Nestle S.A, which is a Swiss multinational food and Beverage Company and the largest food company in the world in terms of revenues offers great competition to Starbucks market share. Additionally we also have Darden Restaurants, Inc., which are a multi-brand restaurant operator  and Yum! Brands, Inc., Another worthy competitor is the McDonald, which is actually t he world’s largest fast-food chain restaurant (Mourdoukoutas, 2013, p. 1). McDonalds sells its products at a relatively lower price than Starbucks Company thus offering price competition. Indeed, since its upgrade in 2006, McDonalds is becoming an emerging competitor. More so, Panera’s Bread, which offers ambiance of casual dining, is also a competitor of Starbucks Company. Starbucks Company Current Strategy Starbucks adopts various

Critically appraise the impact of the development of tourism, over a Essay

Critically appraise the impact of the development of tourism, over a period of time, on the visual culture of a destination of your choice - Essay Example n addition, the range of influence from tourism is broad and always influence areas that are beyond those that are commonly associated with the tourism. Moreover, leaders and residents who do understand the potential influences of tourism could integrate this sector into the community in the positive way (Kreag, 2001). However, not all influences can be applicable to each community due to conditions or resources that might differ. Tourism and community leaders should balance influence that might either improve or negatively affect residents and communities. Leaders should be visionary and sensitive, and should avoid the temptation of glossing over certain challenges tourism development can create. The tourism sector needs to also balance the concerns and opportunities of all community by working against all the conditions where positive influences benefit one section of the community, and negative impacts hurt the other. Conversely, a sensitivity of the community tourism translates to avoiding burdens on the industry that can thwart its success (Lindber & Johnson, 1997). Local leaders need not expect tourism to resolve all community issues. Tourism is just a one element of the community. Creation of the strategic development of tourism services and amenities could enhance the community or correct tourism or local deficiencies, for instance, all the business development, need to assure that its products attract customers. Overbearing restrictions and rules, as well as overburdening taxes, would make tourism businesses to be less competitive or attractive. The destination that would be critically examined is the Cannes in France. The Cannes view port of the famous Boulevard de la Croisette that is situated in the Cannes Middle Ages was a feudal defence of Lerins monastery. However, until early 19th century, Cannes remained very small fishing and agricultural village with the high density of population on the Le Suquet hill. However, during the start of 1830s,

Rules And Procedures Of Bosco Plastics Commerce Essay

Rules And Procedures Of Bosco Plastics Commerce Essay I surely believe that his activity of decentralization can effect on company significantly. His first step was amazing, to analyze what is wrong, what he has to do to solve the problems, why the company research output and manufacturing productivity had steadily declined. After he had found the problems he started decentralization. I think decentralization of rules is a first step for recovering Bosco Plastic. It is because the previous one was made wrong, unplanned and haphazardly. Moreover the rules and procedures of the company was the same for every employees and time table for them was too flexible. For example labor could come whenever they wanted between 8:00 and 10:00 and leave after 9 hours. It is uncommon for company which has 400 employees. Time table has to be strongly made individually or divided into groups. There are must be the time when labor has to arrive and the time when they leave. This touches also breaks. The time table of employees directly connected with prod uctivity. By the way the situation on developing area was also even worse . There were not excellent conditions for engineers and chemist. The punching machine was broken and even if there was opportunity to make something new it was too difficult to put on production. To sum up, to make decentralization better Jill can make a research and analyze the situation more carefully. It is very important to make rules with the help of supervisors, managers and employees. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and cultures Organizational structure is a common principles on which the organizations management structure is built and the process controlled. That means organizational structure illustrates schematic interaction between different labors. There is always a need for a people in the business to know who is in charge, what is their role and who turn to if there is any problem. All of these questions could be answered by organizational structure. It is important to know that different firms have structured differently. A structure of enterprise relies on the organizations strategy and objectives. Types of organizational structures:C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBob.jpg Line organizational structure (figure 1) is the simplest hierarchical management structure, also known as a bureaucratic. Line structure consists of chief and several subordinate employees, large companies can also have up to 3 to 4 or more levels of hierarchy. Fifure 1 Source (http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Functional Structure is described in figure 2. As we see from the name the main idea of the structure is to divide company into several specialized group, ie each controller is specialized in the implementation of specific activities or departments. Each group has own responsibilities, duty and they are not connected directly. For example financial controller is not able to influence to customer service. However customer service manager can influence to planning manager because planning manager is one of the department of customer service.. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOB790550803004.png This structure is best suited for firms which produce standardized goods or services at low cost and large volumes. Product Based Structure C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBdesign5.gif In this type of structure firms divided by products, projects or geography. This allows a company to have a particular focus on specific items in its business operations. Each group concentrated on own product or serve. This method is now gaining ground in large enterprises, which are expanding the range of products, where the other method would only complicate the structure of the organization. Source(http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/business/design.htm) The Divisional structure .This type of structure is more complicated rather than product based or functional. In the structure company is split up into several self contained business units which are called division, each of which operates as a profit center. Division may engage in production of specific types of products, work in a particular area or on a particular market.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBDivision.png Source(http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Matrix structure is a most complicated organizational structure. Matrix one is combination of two different structures usually line and functional structure. In matrix structure, knowledge and skills of the talented employees could be shared between the functional departments and the project management teams, as needed. In this organization structure, usually employees have two managers to whom they may have to report. Which manager is more powerful-it depends on the type of matrix structure.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBOrganization Structure3.jpgSource(http://sameh.wordpress.com/2006/05/13/a7/) Organizational culture is a coordinate system that helps employees build their behavior both inside the company and outside of it. This is what unites them values, business philosophy, which includes the mission, vision, general purpose, beliefs and habits. It is an atmosphere which is formed within the group, the rules that a novice should learn to be accepted by the team, norms and traditions that occur over time in the team. Charles Handys organizational culture types. Power a culture that is dominated by the head of the organization has a strong influence over the people. These organizations have a simple structure, few rules and procedures but with well -understood, implicit codes on how to behave and work. They are authoritarian, tightly controlled workers. This type of culture can quickly respond to changing situations, make decisions quickly and organize their implementation. The big disadvantage of power culture is the size of the organization. Therefore, it can be effective only for relatively small firms. The success of the organization with the power culture is entirely determined by abilities and qualifications of head of organization Role in this case members activities are formalized and standardized in details. It is the culture of the bureaucratic type, based on official capacity, a clear system of rules and regulations, the distribution of rights, duties and responsibilities of the members of the organization, which ensures its effective existence for a long time. However, the effectiveness of the role culture firstly depends on the rational division of work and responsibility, and not on individual personalities. Task culture culture, which focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects. The effectiveness of the organization mostrly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. Task culture tries to connect the appropriate resources and appropriate staff at the right level and to enable them to do the job well. This culture is characterized by: a high degree of autonomy, evaluation the job by results, informal working relationships within the group, mutual respect based on personal skills.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBelle-smart-fig-2 (1).jpg Person a culture in which the central point is the individual. The culture exist primarily to serve and help their members. Power in such an organization is based on proximity to resources, professionalism and ability to negotiate. It is only a coordinating nature. Examples of person culture can be law firms, small consulting firms, unions, journalists and architects, etc. Source (http://www.ivoryresearch.com/elle-smart.php) 1.2 What kinds of rules and procedures do you think the department managers will come up with? Which departments will be more formalised? Why? Firstly I want to notice that Jill Thomson made an excellent decision to ask department managers to create new rules and procedures to their area. The first great changing I think will touch the entire procedures. Also the rules will be not the same in whole each department will have different rules. Except this time table for employees will be not flexible as it was. For example employees will not able to come wherever they want between 8:00 and 10 am. Managers have to create time table for each member or divide them for several groups as it shown in the table and breaks as well. # Group Day In Break out 1 A Mon,thue,sat 09:00 13:30-14:30 18:00 2 B Thur.Sun.Wen 11:00 14:30-15:30 20:00 3 Developing department Mon-friday 10:00 14:00 15:00 19:00 4 Mostly changes need in developing department as the company is an innovation company which is produces toys. The sale depends on new product the more new products the more the sale. So the profit directly connected with this department. Jill has to mansion it and pays attention to this department more. First of all the punching machine has to be changed. Also the going down to the local dime store must be returned. Moreover the implementation new toys should be simpler. Supervisors and Managers should give monthly statement about their stuff and work. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. Organizational structure can be compared to a foundation of management system, which is built to ensure that all the processes taking place in company implemented in a time and accurately. Thats why there is the enormous attention from leaders of organizations, focusing on the principles and methods of building structures of the organization, the selection of types and species, the study of trends and assessment of relevant tasks of the organization it shows the urgency and importance of the topic in the current conditions. The structure of the organization includes all of the tools that is carried out: -Distribution of activities between the components of the Organization; -Coordination of the activities of these components. Indeed, without the structures employees would simply be unmanageable crowd, or, at best, a set of independent groups, not an organization. Structure one of the main characteristics of the organization regardless of whether it is a tennis club or charity, workers cooperative or a multinational corporation. The main characteristics of the organizational structure is divided into sections (departments, sectors, etc.), as well as accountability and subordination. But there are other features (for example, information systems and numerous procedures for coordination) , which cannot be shown in this scheme. Organizational culture is something for which people have become members of the organization, how are relations between them, what rules and principles of life they share, what they think is good and what is bad, and a lot more of what relates to the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of and norms. This not only differentiates one organization from another, but also significantly determines the success of the operation and survival of the organization in the long term. As the culture plays a very important role in the life of the organization, it should be the subject of attention from management. Management is not only consistent organizational culture and is highly dependent on it, but may in turn have an impact on the formation and development of organizational culture. To do this, managers must be able to analyze the organizational culture and influence on its formation and the change in the desired direction. Organizational culture creates internal, spiritual core of the company, promotes team building, creates a sense of awareness among the staff and responsibility for their work. The organizational culture of the team improves and solves problems as personal development of staff and the development of the organization. It is a prerequisite for the formation of stable and efficient working team, a clear vision of the mission of the organization. 1.3 What risks will the company face if it establishes different procedures for different areas? Explain your reasons by analysing the merits and demerits of organic and mechanistic structures with regard to changes proposed by Jill Thompson. I think that the company will not face serious problems with it , because in my opinion Thompson does not want hugely changes , he tries to put the company on right way. First of all if we consider this situation by changing organization structure from organic to mechanistic one we have to know what are they. Mechanistic Organic Individual specialization: Employees work separately and specialize in one task Joint Specialization: Employees work together and   coordinate tasks Simple integrating mechanisms: Hierarchy of authority well-defined Complex integrating mechanisms: task forces and teams are primary integrating mechanisms Centralization: Decision-making kept as high as possible. Most communication is vertical. Decentralization: Authority to control tasks is delegated. Most communication lateral Standardization: Extensive use made of rules Standard Operating Procedures Mutual Adjustment: Face-to-face contact for coordination. Work process tends to be unpredictable Much written communication Much verbal communication Informal status in org based on size of   empire Informal status based on perceived   brilliance Organization is a network of positions,   corresponding to tasks. Typically each   person corresponds to one task Organization is network of persons or teams. People work in different capacities simultaneously and over time Source (http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/organic_vs_mechanistic_structure.htm) The previous structure was mechanic structure. This structure characterized by using formal rules and procedures. In this case all employees of the company must act strictly according to the instructions and do not deviate from them. So in Bosco Plastic all employees had the same rules and procedures. However organic one is not formal, rules can be changed, better adapted to rapid changes in external conditions and the emergence of new technologies. Also employees are treated as certain patterns of behavior, so the emphasis is on motivation, various very complex systems of remuneration and bonuses, benefits package and so on. If youre a good worker and executes corporate or production levels, will give you a bonus to the salary, health insurance, pensions, canteen, cellular pool with a gym. Mostly Bosco looked like a mechanic one in my opinion. The company did not pay attention to employees. The big problem will touch I think supervisors and managers because they will have more duties and responsibilities. For example they have to find different approaches to each employee. Employees will face problems as well. They have to change their habits which they used. Sometimes there are will be misunderstanding but the changings need to this company. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. According to Michael Mattson and John Ivancevich, the most factors that impact on individual differences in behavioral  patterns  are abilities and skills, perception, demographic factors, attitudes and  personality. Personality usually refers to uniqueness of each person and personal features that make him or her differ from other people. In fact, personality is based on predictability how a person will act or react under different circumstances .Thus, personality affects other people in an organization through interaction. Sometimes mix of different characters can lead to conflict between two or more people which afterwards may decrease effectiveness of team. That is why, leaders of groups should provide teammates with quizzes that can identify their personality. After that people with the same personal features will be work in one group in order to avoid misunderstanding. Perception is the cognitive process by which a person interprets the environment. It is a process of awareness of what is happening around us, through selection of interpretation of information from the external environment. It is a way of forming ideas about themselves and the world. Perception is a filter which helps to analyze information before it will have an impact on people. Everyone is an artist that paints a picture in their minds of the world, which reflected his personal vision of reality. Because of individual differences in preferences, personal qualities, values and interests people often see the same things differently. Managers should take into account the differences in perception. Attitudes and values are main factors that influence individual behavior. Actually, personal attitudes are an integral part within the organization that can influence on positive and negative behavior. Brooks (2003) states that, attitudes based on direct experiences can be very strong and very hard to break. First of all, an attitude includes some emotional elements such as mood, beliefs, opinions and other aspects. In addition there are four types of attitudes such as: organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment (Brooks, 2003). Many people prove that attitudes are not entrenched in our character as deeply as values. For instance, values give us a sense to understand what is good and bad or right and wrong (Brooks, 2003). Besides this, values in organization can create and develop specific corporate culture. Consequently, certain established values will differentiate organizations from their competitors. According to Rock each and Ball-Rockeach (1989) values can be terminal and instrumental. Basically, terminal values are based on peace, security, partnership and other elements. Whereas, instrumental values expressed in a form of behaviour in order to achieve these terminal values. On the other hand, attitudes and values can lead to conflict between individuals and groups. Thus, it will be difficult to establish a certain culture within the organization. Abilities and Skills: Ability is a physical capacity of an individual to do something. Skill can be termed as the ability to act in a way that accepts a person to perform well. Ability and Skills have great impact on the  individual behavior  and performance. An employee can perform well in the company if his skills and abilities are matched with the  job  requirement. The managers are of great relevance in matching the skills and abilities of the employees with the specific  job  requirement.

A Single Mother Essay

What is a single mother? I doubt that anyone can truly understand that question unless they have been there themselves. I know one thing for certain, a single mother is someone who is filled with everlasting unconditional love. The definition of a mother to me is putting your life on hold while you perform the most difficult and thankless job. My younger brother and I were raised by my mom since I was 6 years old. I am now at an age where I can reflect and appreciate what it is to be a single mom. The person who first helped me safely across the street; who watched in exhilaration as I learned to ride a bike for the first time; who taught me the difference between right and wrong. Even though juggling family and career often seems like a daunting task, she somehow did it every day. I admit, at times, she would get frustrated and want to give up. My dad was out of the picture and not contributing to child support. My mom and my brother and me were on our own. My mom had us very young and never had the opportunity to get a college degree. She supported our family on a very small salary by working at the local bank. My mom always put the needs and wants of brother and I before herself. I want to describe the exhilaration in my Mother’s eyes as I learn to ride a bike for the first time. The belly laugh of a baby who is touching the soft fur of a dog or cat for the first time. She says, she can taste the joy that is real, bringing her back to the first time. My hero is a blessed gift from GOD†¦..she is my Mother. However decisive she is at the office, she second guesses herself as a mother. Everyday decisions are no longer routine, it becomes a major dilemma for a five year old boy’s desire to go to the Men’s room rather than the Women’s at McDonald’s. That right there, in the midst of clattering trays and screaming children, issues of independence and gender identity will be weighted against the prospect of a child molester lurking in that restroom. At times, I admit, she would get frustrated, and want to give up. You want to  relax, but you endure the sleepless nights, crying babies, teaching the difference between right and wrong. Household duties that seem never ending, rushing to the office and barely making it there on time. I may be a parent someday and then, maybe, I will realize some of the many great sacrifices that makes her a mother.

Pregnancy Smoking and the Unborn Child

This paper discusses the different effects of smoking to pregnant woman. The paper is divided into three parts. First part of the paper shows the statistical data available in the United States about smoking. Second part of the paper discusses the different experiments that had been done by experts to compare the babies that are not exposed to smoking. Lastly, the third part of the paper shows the other complications of exposure to smoking. A conclusion is also provided in the last part of the paperSmoking is considered as a habit that had contributed negative effects not only to pregnant women but also to people who are not pregnant. There are two ways of exposure to cigarette smoke. First is the exposure through first hand smoking, where a person inhales the smoke through smoking and the second hand smoking where a person inhales the smoke from the cigarette of another smoker. According to statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development (CDC) (2006) from the Women an d Tobacco, cigarette had been the cause of death of 178,000.Further investigation shows that ninety percent of women who had lung cancers can be attributed to smoking. Women who smoke have an increased risk for diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and pulmonary diseases. Looking at the National Statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development, there is an estimate of 18.1% of women with ages 18 and above is cigarette smokers. Statistics also show that there is an estimate of 18% pregnant women from the ages of 15 to 44 years.As stated above, smoking does not only involve the first hand smoker but also the second hand smoker. Looking at the statistics from the CDC (2006), second hand smoke exposure had declined. It was further explained that the levels of cotinine had fallen down by 70% for the years 1988 to 1991 and 2001-2002. However, even though there has been a decline on the exposure, 126 million non-smoking Americans both children and adult are exposed to this second hand exposure. Children according to the figures from CDC are more exposed than adults. To be exact, 60% of the children in the age bracket of 3 to 11 years old are exposed to second hand smoke.To understand fully the implications on the effect of smoking to the child, an investigation was done by the proponent of the study. There have been several studies that had been made in the past that can further explain the effect of smoking to children. Josephine Thomas had made an experiment regarding the exposure of children to smoking. Based on the report written by Thomas (2000), the effects that might be experienced by children who were exposed to smoke are infertility, coagulation problems, obstetric complications such as extra uterine pregnancy and placenta previa, and intrauterine growth retardation.Results on the study had also shown that unborn children who had been exposed to tobacco smoke could indicate a negative behavior for toddlers and smoking experimentation among adolescents. Mothers who had smoked during pregnancy had scored their children high on toddler negativity, although there are other factors that might influence the children to do so but being exposed to cigarettes had shown that the data proved that the children high on toddler negativity had been exposed. The experts had also experimented on the early experimentation of adolescents with regard to smoking. The results of the study are not clear enough to know. However, experts are speculating that nervous system damage could have happened because of maternal smoking. The damage can be expressed as inattention aggression, depression and anxiety.Another experiment that had been done to compare the effects of maternal smoking exposure is the possible genetic mutation chromosomes of the babies. Based on the results of the study, there are 12.1% smokers and 3.5% non-smokers who had shown a structural chromosomal abnormaities, 10.5% smokers and 8% non-smokers had shown chromosomal instability and 15.7% smokers and 10.1% non-smokers had shown chromosomal lesions. Among the three changed items, the chromosomal instability and chromosomal lesions pose a risk of cancer and blood malignancies to the child who had been exposed to smoke.Lannero et al. (2006) have another experiment that can be associated with the comparison of smokers and non-smokers. The experts had studied 4,089 infants and had observed the babies up to two months. Questionnaires was used by the proponents in order to determine the status of the infants.   Based on the results of the study, it has been proven that maternal smoking increase the risk of recurrent wheezing for babies up to two years of age. Unborn and newlyborn babies are prone to recurrent wheezing.This can also be diagnosed as asthma by the doctors. Lastly, Rebagliato et al (1995) had correlated the exposure of the babies to smoke and the weight of the baby born. The experiment was done in Spain. The duration of exposure to envir onmental tobacco smoke at home, work, vehicles and Public places had been collected through a questionnaire. Based on the results there is a very small difference in the weight of the child that had been exposed. Looking at the results closely, these small difference had been a basis that there is a growth retardation to the child exposed to maternal smoking.There are many more experiments that could have been done by the experts to prove their point about exposure to maternal smoking. Healthgoods had shown all the possible effects of maternal smoking. Smoking is said to limit the amount of nutrients and oxygen that would react the unborn child. According to the American Lung Association, maternal smoking brings about several negative effects to the baby.This include miscarriages, still births, very low birth weight and could also result to a sudden infant death syndrome. Other implications of having been exposed to maternal smoke is that the newly-born children suffers more from lu ng problems, learning deficiencies and behavioral problems. As stated above, behavioral problems are one of the implications of tobacco prenatal exposure. Ear infections are also possible. Breast Feeding mothers are also discouraged to smoke because the chemicals in the cigarettes could enter the breast milk of the mother such as nicotine and carbon monoxide and this can be passed on to the baby.The child and the mother are closely linked together because when women are pregnant, the child and the mother share the same body, inhales the same air and eats the same food. Having a child is very sensitive because whatever the mother does to herself affects the baby. If the mother is a cigarette addict, then she must try to curb her habits well to avoid putting that child that she is carrying at risk. There are many implications, and complications that the child can experience if he or she is exposed to smoking. As much as possible, it is really not advisable to smoke or be surrounded by smokers if a particular person is pregnant. Not smoking a cigarette helps the mother avoid the first hand smoke exposure. However in public places, mothers should take good care that they are not exposed to smokers. Second Hand smoke exposure also has an effect on the baby.The website Healthgoods.com had enumerated several tips to stop smoking to help mothers avoid risking their child’s life. It would be helpful for pregnant women who are addicted to cigarettes to read websites, pamphlets or ask advice from a doctor to help them stop their habits of smoking.REFERENCESCenters for Disease Control and Prevention   (November 2006). Women and Tobacco. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/women_tobacco.htmMarch of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (2007). Smoking and Pregnancy. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Health Goods. Website:Medical Studies/Trials (9 March 2005). Mater nal Smoking During Preganancy Associated with Chromosomal Abnormalities. Retrieved last January 22, 2008 from   News Medical.net. Website: http://www.news-medical.net/?id=8330Thomas, J. (2000) Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Associated With Negative Toddler Behavior and Early Smoking Experimentation. Retrieved last November 22, 2008 from National Institute on Drug Abuse. Website: http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Maternal.htmlCenters for Disease Control and Prevention   (October 2006). Trends in Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among U.S. Nonsmokers: Progress and Gaps. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandTrends.htmRebagliato,M., Florey, C.D. and Bolumar, F. (1995) Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Nonsmoking Pregnant Women in Relation to Birthweight.   Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from   American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 142 No. 5 pp. 531-5 37 . Website: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/142/5/531